Quantum computer vs. conventional computer
A conventional computer processes information using bits, which can only be 0 or 1. By contrast, a quantum computer harnesses the laws of quantum mechanics, a branch of physics that explains how the universe behaves at the smallest scales.
A quantum computer does not calculate using bits but quantum bits, also known as qubits. The unique feature of qubits is that they can simultaneously hold the values 0 and 1. This capability enables quantum computers to solve certain problems much faster than conventional computers, opening up many opportunities. For instance, it can accelerate drug development or facilitate fundamental research. Moreover, it means that much of our current cryptography could be deciphered much more easily.
A powerful quantum computer will break cryptography
Experts estimate that between 2030 and 2050, a quantum computer will become available that can either crack or weaken the most widely used forms of cryptography. The threat will initially mainly come from so-called state-level actors (national governments). Confidentiality (meaning only authorised people can access information) is not the only aspect at risk. The integrity and reliability of processes, data, and information are equally at stake.
One threat already present today is the risk of malicious actors stealing data to have it deciphered by a quantum computer in the future. We refer to this danger as the ‘Store Now, Decrypt Later’ threat. Furthermore, in the not-too-distant future, authentication and authorisation will also be vulnerable.
